Britain

According to Gladstone the history of industrialization properly understood, is a history built on a great disengagement of the West from the dominance of its core classical traditions, and the birth of a new model of society. It was that new model, conjoining limited government and free inquiry, which had no counterpart outside of Europe that propelled it forward relative to other major civilizations he argues. In Britain this gave rise to modern engineering and a culture of self- regulation and apprenticeship that evolved in keeping with its class-based social structure. Outside Britain the first institutions of engineering education were usually highly academic, set up by national governments and closely associated with the military. Neither regulation nor licensing was deemed necessary to control this academically based European practice of engineering. The German ̳Humboldtian‘ university model combining teaching and research has remained dominant in Europe.